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Some months ago an article with the above heading appeared in The
Arena. It was written by Rev. C. H. Kidder, and was intended as a
reply to one written by myself, on the eternal punishment.
It appears that a friend of Mr. Kidder, a physician “of great
ability,” on reading my article was caused great disquietude. “He felt
that if all the statements contained in the article were accurate, his
religious instructors had been either knaves or fools—knaves, if they
taught what they did not believe, and fools, if they believed what
they taught,” p. 101. I have only to say that the statements of my
article are, in all important respects, accurate, explain the rest as
he may; nor has Mr. Kidder shown that they are not accurate, except in
one particular, not affecting the main question. This will be noticed
in the proper place.
It is often true that men “of great ability” are men of hasty
judgment, especially when they are “much disquieted”; and the doctor
is certainly mistaken in supposing that his instructors were either
knaves or fools. The men who teach eternal punishment are in the main
honest, and of fair intelligence. The doctrine came into the church in
a dark age; and for centuries it was dangerous to believe or teach
anything else. When the human mind was set free, and it was no longer
dangerous to teach what one believed, the doctrine had become so
firmly established by a false system of interpretation, that it was a
long time before much impression could be made toward its removal. But
the Gospel leaven has been working in all these ages since the
reformation to the present century; so that now there is little faith
of that kind in the Orthodox church and none out of it.
I have not intended to admit that all the teachers of eternal
punishment in the church have been honest. Some have been dishonest,
in order, as they claimed, to do the more good. There was a class of
ministers in the ancient church who had two sets of opinions, one set
for the congregation, and another for the private circle. Dr. Edward
Beecher mentions several venerable men, who preached eternal misery,
but who had not a particle of faith in the doctrine, as he believes.
They are Chrysostom, Gregory Nazianzus, Athanasius, and Basil the
Great. See Historical Retribution, p. 273. These were great men; but a
greater than these had taught that it is right to lie for the good of
mankind, namely, Plato. Who will say there have been no others since
that day? For the honor of humanity, I trust not many.
I would say here that all Mr. Kidder has advanced, may be admitted,
without the least detriment to the main purpose of my article. The
greater part of his paper is devoted to incidental topics that are not
essential to the main subject, and what he says on the main point
utterly fails to invalidate my argument, as the reader will clearly
perceive before I get through.
So far as our version favors eternal punishment, the fact is due
chiefly to a wrong translation; and it is difficult to suppress the
conviction that the translators, in much of their work of this kind,
were perfectly conscious of the wrong they were doing. The word hell
in every place where it is found (with one or two exceptions, where
the heathen hell is referred to) is the rendering of a word that has
no such meaning. The word everlasting combines a wrong rendering and
a wrong exegesis. These are the main points. They are the Jachin and
Boaz of the orthodox temple. But the translators have sought to favor
their doctrines in other ways; sometimes by supplying words not found
in the text, and sometimes by rejecting words that are there.
My article was devoted chiefly to these last, particularly a wrong use
of the Greek article, and the rejection of an important word, when it
conflicted with their views, though they often employ it at other
times.
I say with the fullest confidence that the doctrine of eternal
punishment is not in the Hebrew and Greek Scriptures. It came into the
church chiefly with converts who had believed it before their
conversion, and continued to believe it by a misconstruction of the
Scriptures.
THE SON OF GOD.
By not paying particular attention to what I said, my critic has
misrepresented me in an important particular; and has repeated the
idea a number of times, namely, that I deny the sonship of Jesus
Christ. I simply refer to some passages to show the importance of the
Greek article, and some of these have the expression, “the Son of
God,” when they ought to have been rendered “a Son of God,” or “a Son
of a God” not only because the article is omitted in the Greek, but it
is the language of Satan, and of the heathen, and therefore more
characteristic than the words the Son of God. The sonship of our
Lord has evidence enough, without that of Satan and the heathen,
especially as the evangelists have represented them as giving no such
testimony.
The reference in my article to insanity and suicide was incidental;
and whether strictly correct or not, the thousand that have been
ruined in this way is a picture sufficiently frightful, and shows that
the Christian religion has been greatly misapprehended; for in its
purity, it never has, and never can, produce a single case of either
insanity or suicide.
THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.
Of the six theological seminaries, which I referred to, on the
authority of Dr. Edward Beecher, as existing in the early days of the
church, I find on further reading that two were not theological
seminaries, but “schools of thought,” as the doctor afterwards calls
them. One of these was in Asia Minor; and there, the annihilation of
the wicked was believed and taught. The other was in North Africa; and
here, endless punishment was the prevailing belief on the subject of
future destiny. The four others were real seminaries, in which the
doctrine of the final holiness and happiness of all intelligent
beings, after future disciplinary punishment, was inculcated by men as
much distinguished for piety and virtue and missionary zeal, as any in
the whole church.
The four schools were located at Alexandria, in Egypt, Cesarea in
Palestine, Antioch in Syria, and Edessa or Nisibis. This last school
was held at the one or the other of these places, in Eastern Syria.
When persecution drove it out of one of these cities, it held its
sessions in the other. All these four schools were numerously
attended, often having hundreds of scholars at one time. Mr. Kidder
thinks there must have been more than this number; but as it is a mere
conjecture with him, his opinion can have but little weight against
the statement of a man who has thoroughly investigated the subject. It
will not do to judge them after our little schools, at the present
day, when the church is divided into scores of little communities,
each having its insignificant seminary or seminaries. The church was
then one body, though each school varied slightly from the rest.
PROFESSOR SHEDD.
Dr. Beecher points out and refutes the statements of Professor Shedd,
and some others, on the prevalence of certain doctrines in the early
church.
Professor Shedd, in his history of Christian doctrine, Vol. II. p.
414, says, “The punishment inflicted upon the lost was regarded by the
fathers of the ancient church, with very few exceptions, as endless.”
“The only exception to the belief in the eternity of future
punishment, in the ancient church, appears in the Alexandrian school.”
“The views of Origen concerning future retribution were almost wholly
confined to their schools.”
Dr. Beecher makes the following reply. “This statement somewhat
transcends the limits set by Lecky, to the doctrine of the
restoration. It is not confined to two individuals, but it is confined
to one school,—the school of Alexandria. What then shall be said of
Diodore, of Tarsus, not of the school of Alexandria, the eminent
teacher of Chrysostom, and a decided advocate of universal
restoration? What shall be said of his disciple, Theodore of
Mopsuestia, that earnest defender of the same doctrine, of whom Dorner
says that he was the climax and crown of the school of Antioch? What
shall be said of the great Eastern school of Edessa and Nisibis, in
which the scriptural exposition of Theodore of Mopsuestia, was a
supreme authority and text-book? Was Theodore of the school of
Alexandria? Not at all. He was of the school of Antioch…. And yet he
not only taught the doctrine of universal restoration on his own
basis, but even introduced it into the liturgy of the Nestorian
Church, in Eastern Asia. What, too, shall we say of the two great
theological schools, in which he had a place of such honor and
influence?… Dr. Shedd would have called to mind a statement in
Guericke’s Church History, as translated by himself, “It is
noticeable that the exegetico-grammatical school of Antioch, as well
as the allegorizing Alexandrian, adopted and maintained the doctrine
of restoration, p. 349, note 1.” Then it should be added that Origen
was not the only one of the Alexandrian school, who taught this
doctrine. Clemens, who preceded Origen, taught it; and Didymus who
succeeded him. The whole period of the presidency of these men over
the school must have been a century or more. And yet the great body of
Christians, as Professor Shedd would have us believe, were believers
in eternal punishment; but they neither turned these men out, nor
established any other school to counteract their influence. They must
have been a trifle different from believers in the doctrine now. And
what is very remarkable, we hear of no books or essays written against
the doctrine of the Alexandrian school, as if it were a pernicious
heresy.
Church historians in modern times impose on their readers by quoting
passages from ancient Christian writers, that employ the word
everlasting in connection with punishment, leaving the impression
that these words were understood then as they are now, when in fact
believers in limited punishment, as well as those who thought
punishment endless, employed the term everlasting (aiōnios) to
denote its duration. Origen and Clemens speak of everlasting
punishment, though they believed it would end in reformation and
salvation. Justin Martyr and Irenæus warn men of everlasting
punishment, though they believed in the annihilation of the wicked.
MORAL RESURRECTION.
In some instances the resurrection is used in the same way as the new
birth, to denote conversion. Such is John v. 21-29. The change thus
indicated is commonly called a moral resurrection. My critic would
have the last two verses refer to the general resurrection at the end
of the world; while he seems to admit that all the rest relates to a
moral resurrection, two things as unlike as they possibly could be.
Such is not our Lord’s mode of teaching. I understand the whole
passage as confined to one subject, the moral resurrection. He divides
the subject into two parts, to be sure, but it is the same subject in
both parts—first, the moral resurrection then in progress; and
second, the moral resurrection “coming” on a more extensive scale,
even embracing all men. Jesus changes one word only, using
graves,—more properly tombs,—instead of death. But coming out
of death into life, and coming out of the tombs into life, are
essentially the same thing. Both are figurative expressions. I insist
that where Jesus says, “The hour is coming and now is,” he conveys
the impression that the then present process was in its nature the
same as the coming one, only that the latter would be more extended,
even universal.
THE WORD A GOD.
That Trinitarians should translate this expression, The Word was God,
in John i. 1, might be expected; but by the rules of translating the
Greek language into English, the expression should be, The Word was a
god. The rule of Middleton that the article must not be used in the
predicate of a sentence may hold good, when it conflicts with no
superior rule; but if taken absolutely, it has many exceptions. I
suppose the renowned Origen understood the Greek language. He
interprets the passage before us as I do. “Origen uses θεὁς [Greek: theos]
(god), not in our modern sense, as a proper name, but as a common
name. This use of the term, which was common to him with his
contemporaries, and continued to be common after his time, is
illustrated by his remarks on the passage, ‘and the Logos was God’; in
which he contended, that the Logos was god, in an inferior sense;—not
as we would say God, but a god, not the divine being, but a
divine being. (Opp. iv. p. 48, reqq.).” See Norton’s Statement of
Reasons, p. 120, note.
The quotation from the Athanasian creed had better been omitted; for
many will read it, who had not before known that it contained any such
absurdity; and will have less respect for the Trinity than they would
wish to have. The quotation is, “The Father is God, the Son is God,
and the Holy Spirit is God; and yet they (?) are not three Gods, but
one God.” I am accused of following an “uncritical principle,” in not
reasoning in the same way. If it is “uncritical,” I plead guilty, and
beg that my sentence may be as mild as possible. But before the
sentence is pronounced may it not be well to apply the reasoning to
some other subject,—to Peter, James, and John, for instance? Each of
these is a man; but they are not three men but one man!
MELLO.
I complained that the translators and revisors left out this word,
apparently for the reason that it conflicts with their theology. It
makes certain things to be near at hand, which they regarded as far in
the future. My critic says, “The Greek mellō frequently has the
meaning assigned to it by Dr. Manley, but it is not shut up to that
meaning,” p. 106. It probably has that meaning twenty times, where it
has any other meaning once. In the passages from which it is excluded,
if it has any other meaning, why did they not retain it, and render it
according to its true import, and not throw it out? Mr. Kidder does
not meet the case, when he shows that the word does sometimes have
another meaning. His business is to show that it has no meaning, in
the passages from which it is excluded. It will then be in order to
show why the writers put such a word in these passages. When the
translators recognize the word, they seldom fail to give it a meaning
corresponding to the sense I assign to it.
It is conceded that the wrath to come (Matt. iii. 7; Luke iii. 7.),
should probably be the wrath about to come, meaning the destruction
soon to fall on the Jewish State. This word mellō (about) takes
the passage out of the hands of those who would apply it to a far-off
eternal punishment. The word in other passages would have been alike
opposed to the common construction; and, therefore, it was left out.
This is the plain common-sense view of the case; and I shall hold the
translators and revisers guilty of a base fraud, till some good reason
can be given for their conduct. This probably cannot be done.
Aiōn, aiōnios. That the expression, “end of the world,” where
the original for world is aiōn, ever has the meaning of end of
this material universe cannot be proved. Where Jesus promises to be
with his disciples to the end of the world (aiōn) is the most
favorable instance. But in the sense here intended, namely, enabling
them to perform miracles, he was with them, only to the end of the
Jewish age. By that time the Gospel was so well established, as no
longer to need miraculous interposition. In what sense Jesus was with
the disciples, is explained by the closing words of Mark’s Gospel.
“And they went forth, preaching everywhere, the Lord working with
them, and confirming the word, by the signs that followed. Amen.”
My critic says of aiōn, p. 107: “It may at times refer to the
Jewish dispensation, with its limit fixed at the judgment executed
upon the holy city, and the destruction of the temple.” Then it may
mean this, in Matt. xiii. 38, 39, 49, and xxiv. 3. “It does not
always mean age; for this meaning is inadequate for the worlds,
aiōnos, of Heb. i. 2, xi. 3.” It does not seem so; for God
created the ages and dispensations of time, as much as he did the
material worlds. Constituted may be better than created. God is
the author of both creations. Aion is a term that always implies time,
or duration, and not material substance. De Quincey says that
everything has its aion. The aiōn of an individual man is about
seventy years. The aion of the human race would probably be some
millions of years. It would follow from this reasoning that the
aiōn of God would be eternal, past, and to come. De Quincey does
not, I believe, carry his reasoning to this result; and I had never
seen the argument stated before, as it is in the passages produced by
Mr. K., from Aristotle and Plato. But the same reasoning that makes
the aiōn of God eternal, makes every other limited. It would be
illogical, and appear so at once, if one should argue, God is eternal;
and, therefore, punishment is eternal.
The rule generally accepted for understanding aiōnios, is to
modify the meaning according to the nature of the noun which it
qualifies. If it denote duration, the amount of duration will depend
on the noun qualified. This rule forbids that eternal punishment
should be of as long duration as eternal life. Punishment is a means
to an end, and in itself is undesirable. Life or happiness is an end;
the longer continued the better; for it is desirable in itself. It is
that which we seek by means of punishment. The less we have of
punishment, the better. The more we have of life, the better.
My critic ought to have pondered the words of Dr. Taylor Lewis, before
he entered on this discussion. His words are, “The preacher, in
contending with the Universalist and the Restorationist, would commit
an error, and it may be, suffer a failure in his argument, should he
lay the whole stress of it on the etymological or historical
significance of the words, aiōn, aiōnios, and attempt to
prove that of themselves they necessarily carry the meaning of endless
duration.” Lange’s Eccl. p. 48. Beecher’s “Retribution,” p. 154. Prof.
Lewis says that aiōnios means pertaining to the age or world to
come. The only fault this definition has, is the addition of the
words to come. Jesus says, “These shall go away into the punishment
of the age, and the righteous into the life of the age.” The age
referred to, is the Christian age or dispensation, that has already
come. It is the same as has all along been called, “the age to come,”
or about to come. It was to follow the Jewish age, which was soon to
end. Both together are referred to as “this age and that which is
about to come.” But when the parable of the sheep and goats begins,
the age is already come.
The form here given by Taylor Lewis is the same as Jesus himself used,
if he spoke the Aramaic, as my critic says he did, and I agree with
him. He did not say, “These shall go away into aiōnion
punishment,” etc., which is the unwarranted Greek form. But his words
are, “These shall go away into the punishment of the age (or
pertaining to the age), and the righteous into the life of the age (or
pertaining to the age).” It is the same form in the Peshito-Syriac
version, made in the days of the Apostles. It is the same in the
Hebrew New Testament, translated by the Bible society, to circulate
among the modern Jews.
I have in my possession over a hundred passages, from classic Greek
authors, in which aiōn is used in a limited sense, generally
denoting human life, or the age of man. It is used, in a few
instances, to denote an endless age, by attaching to it another word
for endless. The adjective aiōnios is used very little by these
authors, and not at all, I think, by the more ancient ones. No lexicon
gives it the definition of eternal, till long after the time of
Christ; and the remark is added, when thus defined, that it is so
understood by the theologians.
But the principal help for understanding the Greek of the New
Testament, is the Greek version of the Old Testament, the Septuagint.
The words we are discussing are found in that version not far from
four hundred times, three fourths of them probably in a limited sense.
The Hebrew form, “the statutes of the age,” are rendered into Greek,
everlasting or aiōnion statutes; “the covenant of the age,” the
aiōnion covenant, etc. These terms have sixteen different
renderings. They are, everlasting, forever, forevermore,
perpetual, ever, never (when joined with a negative particle),
old, ancient, long, always, world, lasting, eternal,
continuance, at any time, Elam. The last word stands for the
Hebrew olam, the word answering to aiōn in the Greek. With
these definitions in view (a number of them being limited terms), it
would be folly to claim that this word has an unlimited meaning when
applied to punishment. The punishment which God inflicts is limited.
Heb. 12.
Great stress is placed on the circumstance, that in Matt. xxv. 46,
the punishment and the life are spoken of near together, even in the
same verse. Tertullian, and later Augustine, urged this fact as proof
that both must be of the same duration. The late Albert Barns thought
the argument sound. Of course, no large man ever rode a large horse,
without being of the same size. Perhaps an illustration from Scripture
will be more satisfactory. “And the eternal mountains were scattered;
the everlasting hills did bow; his ways are everlasting.” Hab. iii. 6.
For the last sentence, see the margin, Revised Edition. Are there to
be no ways of God, after the mountains and hills are gone? Besides,
this whole parable has its fulfilment, not in eternity, but in the
Christian dispensation. It began to be fulfilled at the coming of
Christ, when some were living, who had heard him, during his ministry,
nearly forty years before. Matt. xvi. 27, 28. No fixed rewards and
punishments are possible under the circumstances, for men are
changing. The rendering “pertaining to the age,” has no objection of
this kind. If it be claimed that a man, “once a Christian, always a
Christian,” no one can doubt, that a man, not a Christian, may become
one, and so change his condition—a proof that his condition is not
eternal.
I will close this article by a few words on the apocalypse. The
dramatic representation of Eichhorn is correct, save the added clause,
“the eternal felicity of the future life described.” The holy city is
not heaven; it came down from God out of heaven. It does not denote
a final and fixed condition. It is four-square, and has three gates on
each side; and all of them open continually, to admit those who wish
to enter; and the invitation is sounded without ceasing, to the
outsiders from within, to “come and partake of the waters of life
freely.” Neither in the New Jerusalem, nor the lake of fire, is there
any allusion to the eternal world of fixed and changeless conditions.
In those days, when books were not printed, but transcribed by the
hand, it was customary for the author to make a strong appeal to the
copyist or transcriber, not to make any alteration in the book, with
certain penalties, fictitious or otherwise. Hence the Revelation
closes with this admonition,—not to add to, nor take from, the book
(xxii. 18, 19.), the penalty being sufficiently severe, to which I
would commend the late revisers of the New Testament.
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